eSignature legality summary
Civil transactions performed electronically as data messages are valid, with the LET as the governing law. The LET recognizes electronic signatures generally, but only two types have legal validity equal to a wet signature: a digital signature (certificate-backed, asymmetric cryptography) and a “secure specialized electronic signature” (used internally by an agency or organization and certified by the Ministry of Information and Communications).
Types of permitted electronic signature
A digital signature must identify the signatory and show approval, be uniquely linked to the content and under the signer’s exclusive control at signing, be tamper-evident, be secured by a digital-signature certificate, and use a compliant device. A secure specialized electronic signature is for an organization’s own operations on its dedicated system.
Documents that may be signed electronically
An electronic signature is not denied effect merely for being electronic; a digital signature has the same validity as a handwritten signature when the LET conditions are met. Decree 23 requires both signer and recipient to verify the certificate’s status.
Use with caution / not typically appropriate
Use care (and often notarization, sealing, or a specific form) for immovable-property transfers and construction, loan, and security contracts; documents requiring notarization, government submission, or a seal; powers of attorney and mandates; and asset sales requiring ownership registration. The recipient bears responsibility if they fail to verify the certificate.
- Immovable-property transfer, construction, loan, and security contracts (specific requirements)
- Documents requiring notarization, sealing, or government submission
- Powers of attorney and contracts of mandate
- Asset sales requiring ownership registration (need notarization)
Seminal court cases
- Judgment No. 03/2024/DS-PT (Nghe An Provincial People’s Court)
Primary sources
- Law on Electronic Transactions No. 20/2023/QH15 (as amended)
- Civil Code No. 91/2015/QH13
- Decree No. 23/2025/ND-CP
Disclaimer: This guide is general information, not legal advice, and is not a guarantee that any signature will be enforceable for a particular document, transaction, or jurisdiction. E-signature and data-protection laws change frequently. Confirm the requirements for your specific document and parties, and consult a licensed lawyer in the relevant country before relying on electronic signing.
Last reviewed: June 15, 2026